What Is Phrasal Verb

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  1. Phrasal Verb List

A phrasal verb is a combination of a verb and a preposition or an adverb or both. Bring up, give up, pass away, look after, look down upon, looking forward to. A phrasal verb has a meaning that is different from the meaning of its original verb. Read the following examples with meaning for each phrasal verb. The patient passed away. Phrasal verb definition: 1. A phrase that consists of a verb with a preposition or adverb or both, the meaning of which is different from the meaning of its separate parts: 2. A combination of a verb and an adverb or a verb and a preposition, or both, in which the combination has a meaning different. Separable Phrasal Verbs The object may come after the following phrasal verbs or it may separate the two parts: You have to do this paint job over. You have to do over this paint job. When the object of the following phrasal verbs is a pronoun, the two parts of the phrasal verb must be separated: You have to do it over. Verb: Meaning: Example.

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phrasal verb

Phrasal verbs are verb phrases that have idiomatic meanings—that is, their meaning is not obvious from the individual words that make up the phrase.
Phrasal verbs are made up of a verb + a preposition or an adverbial particle, and their meaning is uniquely tied to each particular combination.
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phrasal verb

n.
An English verb complex consisting of a verb and one or more following particles and acting as a complete syntactic and semantic unit, as look up in She looked up the word in the dictionary or She looked the word up in the dictionary.

phrasal verb

n
(Grammar) (in English grammar) a phrase that consists of a verb plus an adverbial or prepositional particle, esp one the meaning of which cannot be deduced by analysis of the meaning of the constituents: 'take in' meaning 'deceive' is a phrasal verb.

phras′al verb′


n.
a combination of verb and one or more adverbs or prepositions, as catch on, take off, or put up with, functioning as a single semantic unit and often having an idiomatic meaning not predictable from the meanings of the individual parts.

phrasal verb

A verb made up of a verb plus one or more particles, for example “clean up.”
Noun1.phrasal verb - an English verb followed by one or more particles where the combination behaves as a syntactic and semantic unit; '`turn out' is a phrasal verb in the question `how many turned out to vote?'
verb - the word class that serves as the predicate of a sentence
fraseverbum
sambandssögn
frázové sloveso
takım fiil

phrasal verb

nPhrasal Verbnt, Verb mit bestimmter Präposition oder bestimmtem Adverb

phrase

(freiz) noun
1. a small group of words (usually without a finite verb) which forms part of an actual or implied sentence. He arrived after dinner. frase عِبارَه фраза sintagma slovní spojení der Ausdruck ordforbindelse φράσηfrase sõnarühm عبارت lauseke syntagmeמשפט मुहावरा fraza, izraz csoport; szókapcsolat, szólás frase frasi, orðasamband frase, sintagma 어구 frazė, žodžių junginys, pasakymas frāze; vārdkopa frasa zinsdeeluttrykk, vendingwyrażenie نيمګړې جمله، په ګرامركې ددوو يازياتو لغتو او كلمو مجموعه چې يو فقره ترې جوړشي ولې بشپړه فقره نه وي sintagma frază фраза, словосочетание slovné spojenie poved fraza fras วลี sözcük takımı 短語,慣用語,詞組 фраза جزو جملہ، مرکب ناقص cụm từ 短语,惯用语,词组
2. a small group of musical notes which follow each other to make a definite individual section of a melody. the opening phrase of the overture. maatmotief عِبارَة موسيقيَّه фраза frase fráze der Satz frase μουσική φράση frase fraas قطعه säe phraseפסוק गीतांश fraza (zenei) frázis frase hending frase 楽句 악구 frazė frāze rangkai lagu frasefrase fraza قطعه frase frază (muzicală) фраза fráza (glasbeni) motiv muzička fraza fras เนื้อเพลง parça 短句 фраза موسيقي کا مقطع đoản khúc 短句
verb
to express (something) in words. I phrased my explanations in simple language. uitdruk يَصوغُ الفِكْرَة في كَلِمات изразявам expressar formulovat formulieren udtrykke; formulere εκφράζω, διατυπώνωexpresar sõnastama بیان کردن muotoilla exprimer לנְסָחֵ व्यक्त करना izraziti se kifejez menyatakan secara lisan orða esprimere 言葉にする (~을) 말로 나타내다 (iš)dėstyti, pasakyti izteikt vārdos; formulēt mengungkapkan verwoordenuttrykke, formulere wyrażać څرګندول expressar a exprima выражать словами formulovať izraziti izraziti uttrycka, formulera ถ่ายทอดด้วยคำพูด ifade etmek 用話表示,措詞 будувати фразу; висловлюватися الفاظ ميں بيان کرنا diễn đạt 用话表示,措词
What Is Phrasal Verbphraseology (freiziˈolədʒi) noun
the manner of putting words and phrases together to express oneself. His phraseology shows that he is a foreigner. uitdrukkingswyse أسْلوب التَّعبير фразеология fraseologia frazeologie die Ausdrucksweise ordvalg; formulering φρασεολογίαfraseología kõnepruuk روش عبارت پردازی fraseologia phraséologieניסוח वाक्य रचना frazeologija kifejezésmód frasiologi málfar, orðfæri fraseologia 言いまわし 말씨 žodžių jungimas/parinkimas izteiksmes veids; vārdu izvēle penyusunan rangkai kata uitdrukkingswijzefraseologi, uttrykksmåte sposób wyrażania się دافادې ډول، داظهار طرز، عبارت، ژبنې اصطلاحات، دژبنيو اصطلاحاتو پوهنه fraseologia mod de exprimare язык, слог frazeológia frazeologija frazeologija fraseologi, språkbruk การใช้สำนวนโวหาร ifade tarzı 措詞 фразеологія انداز بيان cách nói 措词
ˈphrasing noun
1. phraseology. uitdrukkingswyse عِلم العِبارات фразеология fraseado frazeologie die Ausdrucksweise ordvalg; formulering φρασεολογίαfraseología kõnepruuk واژگان sanamuoto phraséologieסגנון वाक्य-रचना izražavanje frazírozás penyusunan kata málfar, orðfæri formulazione 言いまわし 어법, 말주변 žodžių jungimas izteiksmes veids penyusunan rangkai kata uitdrukkingswijzeuttrykksmåte sposób wyrażania się اصطلاحاتو fraseado frazeologie слог frazeológia frazeologija frazeologija fraseologi, uttryck, fraser การใช้สำนวนโวหาร ifade tarzı 措詞 фразеологія انداز بيان ngữ cú 措词
2. the act of putting musical phrases together either in composing or playing. maatsamestelling التَّعْبير الموسيقي фразиране composição frázovat das Phrasieren frasering διατύπωσηfraseo fraseerimine ترتیب بندی قطعات موسیقی fraseeraus phraséניסוח गीतांश fraziranje frazírozás penyusunan nada mótun hendinga, frasering formulazione 句切り法 구절법 frazuotė frāzējums penyusunan rangkai lagu frasering frasering frazowanie د ساز د ترتيبول ټوټى dicionário frazare фразировка frázovanie frazirati frazeologija frasering การตัดต่อเนื้อเพลง besteyi cümlelere ayırma 短句的組成 фразувати موسيقي کے مقطعوں کو پڑھنے کا عمل cách phân nhịp 短句的组成
ˈphrase-book noun
a book (eg for tourists) which contains and translates useful words and phrases in a foreign language. fraseboek كِتاب العِبارات разговорник dicionário de frases konverzační příručka Sprachführer mit Redewendungen parlør συλλογή φράσεων, λεξικό ιδιωτισμών libro de frases vestmik فرهنگ اصطلاحات و واژگان tulkkisanakirja recueil d'expressions שיחון मुहावरे की कीताब priručnik fraza, frazarij szólásgyűjtemény buku petunjuk bahasa bók með gagnlegum orðum og orðasamböndum frasario 用語集 관용구집 pasikalbėjimų knygelė sarunvārdnīca buku ungkapan vertaalgids parlørrozmówki هغه لارښود کتاب چې خلک دبهرنيو ژبو سره اشناکوي ، دبهرنيو ژبو د عامو اصطلاحاتو کتاب dicţionar de expresii разговорник konverzačná príručka; frazeologický slovník slovarček fraz rečnik fraza parlör หนังสือสำนวนโวหาร (hazır) cümle kitabı 短語集 розмовник چھوٹي سي کتاب جس ميں کسي زبان کے مفيد الفاظ و جملوں کے ترجمے لکھے ہوں từ điển cụm từ và thành ngữ 短语集
phrasal verb
a phrase consisting of a verb and adverb or preposition, which together function as a verb. `Leave out', `go without', `go away', are phrasal verbs. werkwoordfrase فِعْل عِباري مُكَوَّن من فِعْل وَحَرْف جَر фразеологичен глагол locução verbal frázové sloveso die Redewendung fraseverbum (περι)φραστικό ρήμα verbo compuesto ühendtegusõna فعل مرکب (rakenne, jossa on verbi + adverbi/prepositio) verbe à postposition נִיב פוֹעַלִי संयुक्त क्रिया frazalni glagol összetett ige frase verba sambandssögn frasale, sintagmatico 動詞句 구동사 frazinis veiksmažodis frāzes darbības vārds frasa kata kerja woordgroep die als werkwoord fungeert verbaluttrykk czasownik złożony مركب ګړ verb cu particulă adver­bială фразовый глагол frázové sloveso glagol s predlogom frazalni glagol frasverb กริยาวลี takım fiil 動詞片語 фразове дієслово شبہ جملہ động ngữ 动词词组

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Phrasal Verb List


English grammar
  • Clauses (in English)
  • Collocation (in English)
  • Diminutive (in Australian English)
  • Verbs
    • Modal verbs
  • Idiom (in English)

In English, a phrasal verb is a phrase such as turn down or ran into which combines two or three words from different grammatical categories: a verb and a particle and/or a preposition together form a single semantic unit. This semantic unit cannot be understood based upon the meanings of the individual parts, but must be taken as a whole. In other words, the meaning is non-compositional and thus unpredictable.[1] Phrasal verbs that include a preposition are known as prepositional verbs and phrasal verbs that include a particle are also known as particle verbs. Additional alternative terms for phrasal verb are compound verb, verb-adverb combination, verb-particle construction, two-part word/verb or three-part word/verb (depending on the number of particles) and multi-word verb.[2]

Examples[edit]

There are at least three main types of phrasal verb constructions depending on whether the verb combines with a preposition, a particle, or both.[3] The phrasal verb constructions in the following examples are in bold.

Verb + preposition (prepositional verbs)[4]
When the element is a preposition, it is the head of a full prepositional phrase and the phrasal verb is thus prepositional. These phrasal verbs can also be thought of as transitive and non-separable; the complement follows the phrasal verb.
a. Who is looking after the kids? after is a preposition that introduces the prepositional phrase after the kids.
b. They picked on nobody. on is a preposition that introduces the prepositional phrase on nobody.
c. I ran into an old friend. into is a preposition that introduces the prepositional phrase into an old friend.[5]
d. She takes after her mother. after is a preposition that introduces the prepositional phrase after her mother.
e. Sam passes for a linguist. for is a preposition that introduces the prepositional phrase for a linguist.
f. You should stand by your friend. by is a preposition that introduces the prepositional phrase by your friend


Verb + particle (particle verbs)
When the element is a particle, it can not (or no longer) be construed as a preposition, but rather is a particle because it does not take a complement.[6] These verbs can be transitive or intransitive. If they are transitive, they are separable.
a. They brought that up twice. up is a particle, not a preposition.
b. You should think it over. over is a particle, not a preposition.
c. Why does he always dress down? down is a particle, not a preposition.
d. You should not give in so quickly. in is a particle, not a preposition.
e. Where do they want to hang out? out is a particle, not a preposition.
f. She handed it in. in is a particle, not a preposition.


Verb + particle + preposition (particle-prepositional verbs)
Many phrasal verbs combine a particle and a preposition. Just as for prepositional verbs, particle-prepositional verbs are not separable.
a. Who can put up with that? up is a particle and with is a preposition.[7]
b. She is looking forward to a rest. forward is a particle and to is a preposition.
c. The other tanks were bearing down on my Panther. down is a particle and on is a preposition.
d. They were really teeing off on me. off is a particle and on is a preposition.
e. We loaded up on snacks. up is a particle and on is a preposition
f. Susan has been sitting in for me. in is a particle and for is a preposition.


The aspect of these types of verbs that unifies them under the single banner phrasal verb is the fact that their meaning cannot be understood based upon the meaning of their parts taken in isolation: the meaning of pick up is distinct from pick; the meaning of hang out is not obviously related to hang.

Distinguishing phrasal verb types[edit]

When a particle verb is transitive, it can look just like a prepositional verb. This similarity is source of confusion, since it obscures the difference between prepositional and particle verbs. A simple diagnostic distinguishes between the two, however. When the object of a particle verb is a definite pronoun, it can and usually does precede the particle.[8] In contrast, the object of a preposition can never precede the preposition.[9]

a. You can bank on Susan. on is a preposition.
b. *You can bank Susan on. – The object of the preposition cannot precede the preposition.
a. You can take on Susan. on is a particle.
b. You can take Susan on. – The object of the particle verb can precede the particle.
a. He is getting over the situation. over is a preposition.
b. *He is getting the situation over. – The object of the preposition cannot precede the preposition in the phrasal verb.
a. He is thinking over the situation. over is a particle.
b. He is thinking the situation over. – The object of the particle verb can precede the particle

Thus the distinction between particles and prepositions is made by function, because the same word can function sometimes as a particles and sometimes as a preposition.

Some notes on terminology[edit]

The terminology of phrasal verbs is inconsistent. Modern theories of syntax tend to use the term phrasal verb to denote particle verbs only; they do not view prepositional verbs as phrasal verbs.[10] In contrast, literature in English as a second or foreign language ESL/EFL, tends to employ the term phrasal verb to encompass both prepositional and particle verbs. [11]

Note that prepositions and adverbs can have a literal meaning that is spatial or orientational. Many English verbs interact with a preposition or an adverb to yield a meaning that can be readily understood from the constiuent elements.

He walked across the square.
She opened the shutters and looked outside.

These more readily understandable combinations are not phrasal verbs, although EFL/ESL books and dictionaries may include them in lists of phrasal verbs.[12][verification needed][13][not in citation given]

Furthermore, the same words that occur as a genuine phrasal verb can also appear in other contexts, as in

1(a) She looked up his address. Phrasal verb.
1(b) She looked his address up. Phrasal verb.
2(a) When he heard the crash, he looked up. Not a phrasal verb.
2(b) When he heard the crash, he looked up at the sky. Not a phrasal verb.

The terminology used to denote the particle is also inconsistent. Sometimes it is called an adverb and at other times an intransitive prepositional phrase.[14] The inconsistent use of terminology in these areas is a source of confusion over what qualifies as a phrasal verb and the status of the particle or a preposition.

Concerning the history of the term phrasal verb, Tom McArthur writes:

'..the term phrasal verb was first used by Logan Pearsall Smith, in Words and Idioms (1925), in which he states that the OED Editor Henry Bradley suggested the term to him.'

The value of this choice and its alternatives (including separable verb for Germanic languages) is debatable. In origin the concept is based on translation linguistics; as many single-word English and Latinate words are translatable by a phrasal verb complex in English, therefore the logic is that the phrasal verb complex must be a complete semantic unit in itself. One should consider in this regard that the actual term phrasal verb suggests that such constructions should form phrases. In most cases however, they clearly do not form phrases. Hence the very term phrasal verb is misleading and a source of confusion, which has motivated some to reject the term outright.[15]

Catenae[edit]

The aspect of phrasal verb constructions that makes them difficult to learn for non-native speakers of English is that their meaning is non-compositional. That is, one cannot know what a given phrasal verb construction means based upon what the verb alone and/or the preposition and/or particle alone mean, as emphasized above. This trait of phrasal verbs is also what makes them interesting for linguists, since they appear to defy the principle of compositionality. An analysis of phrasal verbs in terms of catenae (=chains), however, is not challenged by the apparent lack of meaning compositionality. The verb and particle/preposition form a catena, and as such, they qualify as a concrete unit of syntax. The following dependency grammar trees illustrate the point:[16]

The words of each phrasal verb construction are highlighted in orange. These words form a catena because they are linked together in the vertical dimension. They constitute units of meaning, and these units are stored as multi-part wholes in the lexicon.

Shifting[edit]

A complex aspect of phrasal verbs concerns the distinction between prepositional verbs and particle verbs that are transitive (as discussed and illustrated above). Particle verbs that are transitive allow some variability in word order, depending on the relative weight of the constituents involved. Shifting often occurs when the object is very light, e.g.

a. Fred chatted up the girl with red hair. – Canonical word order
b. Fred chatted her up. – Shifting occurs because the definite pronoun her is very light.
c. Fred chatted the girl up. - The girl is also very light.
d. ?Fred chatted the redhead up. - A three-syllable object can appear in either position for many speakers.
e. ??Fred chatted the girl with red hair up. – Shifting is unlikely unless it is sufficiently motivated by the weight of the constituents involved.
a. They dropped off the kids from that war zone. – Canonical word order
b. They dropped them off. – Shifting occurs because the definite pronoun them is very light.
c. ??They dropped the kids from that war zone off. – Shifting is unlikely unless it is sufficiently motivated by the weight of the constituents involved.
a. Mary made up a really entertaining story. – Canonical word order
b. Mary made it up. – Shifting occurs because the definite pronoun it is very light.
c. ??Mary made a really entertaining story up. – Shifting is unlikely unless it is sufficiently motivated by the weight of the constituents involved.

Shifting occurs between two (or more) sister constituents that appear on the same side of their head. The lighter constituent shifts leftward and the heavier constituent shifts rightward, and this happens to accommodate the relative weight of the two. Dependency grammar trees are again used to illustrate the point:

The trees illustrate when shifting can occur. English sentence structures that grow down and to the right are easier to process. There is a consistent tendency to place heavier constituents to the right, as is evident in the a-trees. Shifting is possible when the resulting structure does not contradict this tendency, as is evident in the b-trees. Note again that the particle verb constructions (in orange) qualify as catenae in both the a- and b-trees. Shifting does not alter this fact.

Similar structures in other languages[edit]

Phrasal verbs are represented in many languages by compound verbs. As a class, particle phrasal verbs belong to the same category as the separable verbs of other Germanic languages. For example in Dutch, de lamp aansteken (to light the lamp) becomes, in a principal clause, ik steek de lamp aan (I light the lamp on). Similarly, in German, das Licht einschalten (to switch on the light) becomes ich schalte das Licht ein (I switch the light on).

A few phrasal verbs exist in some Romance languages such as Lombard due to the influence of ancient Lombardic: example fa foeura (to do in: to eat up; to squander) and dà denter (to trade in; to bump into) in Lombard. Some of these verbs are used also in standard Italian, for instance 'far fuori' (to get rid of), 'mangiare fuori' (to eat out) and 'andare d'accordo con' (to get on/along with).

Phrasal nouns[edit]

An extension of the concept of phrasal verb is that of phrasal noun, where a verb+particle complex is nominalized.[17] The particles may come before or after the verb.

standby: We are keeping the old equipment on standby, in case of emergency.
back-up: Neil can provide technical backup if you need it.
onset: The match was halted by the onset of rain.
input: Try to come to the meeting – we'd value your input.

If the particle is in first place, then the phrasal noun is never written with a hyphen, if the particle comes second, then there is sometimes a hyphen between the two parts of the phrasal noun.

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The two categories have different values. Particle-verb compounds in English are of ancient development, and are common to all Germanic languages, as well as to Indo-European languages in general. Those such as onset tend to retain older uses of the particles; in Old English on/an had a wider domain, which included areas now covered by at and in in English. Some such compound nouns have a corresponding phrasal verb but some do not, partly because of historical developments. The modern English verb+particle complex set on exists, but it means 'start to attack' (set itself means start a process). Modern English has no exact verbal phrase equivalent to the older set on, but rather various combinations that apply different nuances to the idea of starting a process—such as winter has set in, set off on a journey, set up the stand, set out on a day trip, etc. Verb-particle compounds are a more modern development in English, and focus more on the action expressed by the compound. That is to say, they are more overtly verbal.

See also[edit]

Notes[edit]

  1. ^That unpredictability of meaning is the defining trait of phrasal verb constructions is widely assumed. See for instance Huddleston and Pullum (2002:273) and Allerton (2006:166).
  2. ^Concerning these terms, see McArthur (1992:72ff.).
  3. ^Declerck, R. Comprehensive Descriptive Grammar of English, A – 1991 Page 45 'The term multi-word verb can be used as a cover term for phrasal verbs, prepositional verbs, prepositional phrasal verbs and combinations like put an end to.'
  4. ^The Collins Cobuild English Grammar (1995:162) is a source that takes prepositional verbs to be phrasal verbs. Many other grammars, in contrast, distinguish between prepositional verbs (the additional word is a preposition) and phrasal verbs (the additional word is a particle).
  5. ^Ron Cowan – The Teacher's Grammar of English: A Course Book and Reference 2008 Page 176
    'The Adverb Insertion Test – Earlier, we saw that intransitive phrasal verbs usually do not permit the insertion of an adverb between the verb and the particle, and the same is true of transitive phrasal verbs, as (25a) and (25b) show. In contrast, prepositional verbs do permit adverb insertion, as (25c) demonstrates.
    (25) a. He turned quickly out the light. = separable phrasal verb.
    b. He ran unexpectedly into his cousin = inseparable phrasal verb.
    c. He stared intently at the target = prepositional verb.
    The Relative Clause Test Relative clauses in which the relative pronoun is the object of a preposition permit the two patterns shown in (26).
    (26) a. The man [that they were waiting for] was late b. The man [ for whom they were waiting] was late. In (26a), the preposition for is at the end of the relative clause enclosed by square brackets, but (26b) shows that this preposition can also occur at the beginning of the clause before the relative pronoun whom.'
  6. ^For a list of the particles that occur with particle phrasal verbs, see Jurafsky and Martin (2000:319).
  7. ^Jeanette S. DeCarrico The structure of English: studies in form and function – Volume 1 – Page 80 – 2000 '4.6.3 Prepositional Phrasal Verbs – It is also possible to find phrasal verbs that are themselves followed by a preposition. These structures are called prepositional phrasal verbs or multiword verbs. Examples are put up with (e.g., I can't put up with) '
  8. ^For an example of the shifting diagnostic used to distinguish particle verbs from prepositional verbs, see Tallerman (1998:129).
  9. ^Concerning the difference between particles and prepositions with phrasal verbs, see Jurafsky and Martin (2000:318).
  10. ^For examples of accounts that use the term phrasal verb to denote particle verbs only (not prepositional verbs), see for instance Tallerman (1998:130), Adger (2003:99f.) and Haiden (2006).
  11. ^For example, the series 'English File' uses phrasal verbs in this way. This exercise on the English File website features both types of verbs under the term 'phrasal verbs'. elt.oup.com
  12. ^Oxford Phrasal Verbs Dictionary.
  13. ^'English File Upper Intermediate Phrasal Verbs in Context'.
  14. ^Huddleston and Pullum (2002:273), for instance, also use intransitive preposition to describe a particle.
  15. ^Huddleston and Pullum (2002:274) reject the term phrasal verb precisely because the relevant word combinations often do not form phrases.
  16. ^That constructions (including phrasal verb constructions) are catenae is a point established at length by Osborne and Groß (2012).
  17. ^Concerning the term phrasal noun, see McCarthy and O'dell (2007).

References[edit]

  • Adger, D. 2003. Core syntax: A minimalist approach. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
  • Allerton, D. 2006. Verbs and their satellites. In The handbook of linguistics, ed. by B. Aarts and A. McMahaon, 126–149. Malden, M.: Blackwell Publishing.
  • Collins Cobuild English Grammar 1995. London: HarperCollins Publishers.
  • Haiden, M. 2006. Verb particle constructions. In M. Everaert and H. van Riemsdijk, The Blackwell companion to syntax, volume V. 344–375. Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishing.
  • Juraffsky, D. and J. Martin. 2000. Speech and language processing. Dorling Kindersley, India: Pearson Education.
  • Huddleston, R. and G. Pullum 2002. The Cambridge grammar of the English language. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
  • Knowles, M. and R Moon. 2006. Introducing metaphor. London: Routledge, 2006.
  • Long, T. (ed.). 1979. Longman dictionary of English idioms. Longman Group Limited.
  • Macmillan phrasal verbs plus dictionary. 2005 Oxford: Macmillan Education 2005.
  • McArthur, T. 1992. The Oxford companion to the English language. Oxford University Press.
  • McCarthy M. and F. O'dell. 2007. English phrasal verbs in use. Cambridge University Press.
  • Osborne, T. and T. Groß 2012. Constructions are catenae: Construction Grammar meets Dependency Grammar. Cognitive Linguistics 23, 1, 163–214.
  • Oxford phrasal verbs dictionary. 2001.
  • Tallerman, M. 1998. Understanding syntax. London: Arnold.

External links[edit]

Look up Category:English phrasal verbs in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
  • Write Back Soon A course by Radio Lingua, which aims to help English learners understand and practise their phrasal verbs.
  • Phrasal Verb Demon. Making sense of phrasal verbs.
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